Ma la Cina è poi così lontana?
Sempre più spesso emergono le preoccupazioni degli addetti ai lavori legate alla Cina. Rispetto a questo colosso, percepito come una sorta di “far west” gli imprenditori si sentono inermi.
In realtà la maggior parte di questi timori nasce dalla disinformazione e dall’ignoranza dei mezzi di tutela loro offerti, sia dalla nostra legislazione che da quella cinese.
Ancora troppo spesso, infatti, non vengono presi in considerazione strumenti essenziali quali il marchio o il brevetto, che anzi vengono ritenuti, a torto, troppo esosi se non addirittura superflui.
Paradosso tutto italiano è il fatto che, a fronte di investimenti molto cospicui, si preferisca non tutelarsi per paura di dover spendere per il deposito ed il mantenimento di un marchio e/o di un brevetto.
Ed ecco che allora ci si affanna, dopo che “i buoi sono scappati a chiudere il cancello”, cercando, una volta che si ritrovano sul mercato prodotti simili, se non smaccatamente uguali ai propri, il modo per impedirne la diffusione.
In realtà, il sistema cinese, di tutela della proprietà intellettuale, del pari di quello italiano, è complesso ma efficiente.
Bisogna, infatti, ricordare che la Cina ha, esattamente come la maggior parte delle potenze mondiali, aderito al WTO (World Trade Organization).
Tale adesione ha avuto delle conseguenze molto importanti per la Cina, dal momento che questa è stata costretta, per conformarsi alle regole del commercio mondiali, addirittura a varare una riforma del proprio corpo normativo
Ciò nonostante è buona norma, prima di effettuare qualsiasi operazione commerciale in Cina, provvedere al deposito del proprio marchio, anche nella versione cinese, e/o del proprio brevetto.
La registrazione in loco o l’estensione internazionale, infatti, costituiscono, l’unica reale arma di difesa contro la contraffazione.
Da una parte, infatti, solo i marchi ed i brevetti depositati godono della specifica tutela loro accordata dalla legge cinese, in caso di violazione, e, dall’altra, è l’unico modo per prevenire la registrazione del proprio marchio da parte di altri soggetti o la commercializzazione del proprio prodotto.
Uno dei principi cardine della proprietà intellettuale, valevole in Cina, è il cosiddetto “first to file” in base al quale chi per primo depositi una domanda per un marchio o per un brevetto si presume ne sia il legittimo titolare.
Sulla scorta di tale principio, non di rado, ad esempio nel caso dei marchi, chi non si sia preventivamente tutelato potrebbe trovarsi nella spiacevole situazione di subire oltre al danno derivante dall’utilizzo del proprio marchio, anche la beffa di non poter commercializzare sul territorio cinese i propri prodotti, dal momento che ciò comporterebbe una violazione dei diritti di chi lo abbia registrato per primo.
Fenomeno molto diffuso in Cina è, infatti, il cosiddetto “hijacking” e cioè la registrazione di un marchio o di un altro diritto di proprietà intellettuale da parte di un usurpatore (spesso gli stessi soggetti con cui si sono stretti legami commerciali) senza il fine di usarlo effettivamente, ma con lo scopo di ricattare l’avente diritto anche attraverso azioni giudiziarie.
Venendo alla tutela in concreto dei propri diritti, in Cina, come in Italia, è possibile proporre un ricorso amministrativo, intentare una causa civile, sporgere denuncia penale ed in fine ottenere tutela doganale.
Il ricorso amministrativo presenta il vantaggio di una notevole velocità d’esecuzione (dovuta principalmente al fatto che si basa su prove poco più che indiziarie), con dei costi contenuti. L’unico svantaggio è rappresentato dal fatto che l’amministrazione non può comminare sanzioni rilevanti, facendo così venire meno un ottimo deterrente.
Intentare una causa civile, viceversa, presenta il vantaggio di potersi rivolgere sezioni specializzate, in cui molti giudici, grazie ai programmi di scambio sostenuti dall’OMPI (Organizzazione Mondiale per la Proprietà Intellettuale) hanno avuto modo di ricevere un’adeguata preparazione in materia.
Rispetto al ricorso amministrativo i tempi sono senz’altro più lunghi ed i costi nettamente più elevati ma il giudizio civile risulta essere l’unico mezzo esperibile nel caso vi sia una controversia sui diritti e nel caso in cui si voglia recuperare i danni subiti.
E’, poi da segnalare, la possibilità di richiedere al giudice l’emissione di un provvedimento d’urgenza, prima dell’inizio della causa vera e propria, per ottenere la cessazione immediata della violazione dei propri diritti. Presupposto per poter richiedere e, di conseguenza, ottenere un provvedimento d’urgenza è che la violazione sia in atto e che se non bloccata tempestivamente possa comportare danni irreparabili per il titolare del diritto stesso.
Nei casi più gravi, è poi possibile sporgere denuncia penale. Tale strumento è molto usato nella pratica come strumento di pressione nei confronti del responsabile della violazione e di conseguenza un ottimo strumento di “negoziazione”.
Grazie ad un regolamento del governo cinese del 1995 è poi possibile depositare il proprio marchio o il proprio brevetto anche presso l’autorità doganale, accedendo così ad un’ulteriore forma di tutela.
In questo modo, l’autorità doganale, di propria iniziativa o su richiesta del titolare del diritto, può sequestrare i beni in transito considerati sospetti.
Nel caso di accertata violazione, l’autorità doganale può disporre la confisca e la distruzione dei beni e può condannare i responsabili a sanzioni pecuniarie.
A rendere più stringente tale tutela vi è la previsione, contenuta nella nuova legge doganale del 2001, in base alla quale vi è l’obbligo per gli importatori, gli esportatori ed i loro agenti di produrre all’autorità doganale una documentazione in grado di comprovare che i beni oggetto del loro commercio non costituiscano una violazione di diritti altrui.
Gli strumenti dunque esistono e possono validamente essere azionati. Il presupposto è tuttavia che vi sia un diritto da far valere e cioè che si sia depositato, anche in Cina, domanda di concessione del proprio marchio o brevetto.
Ciò posto, il consiglio è quello di giocare d’anticipo anche scegliendo e controllando attentamente i propri partner commerciali, stipulando contratti accurati (tenendo ben presente che in materia esiste una normativa specifica) nonché adottando delle strategie di difesa efficaci, reagendo subito agli illeciti.
Alessandra Fiumara
Avvocato in Milano
17 Febbraio 2020- Tutti i diritti riservati
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